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Disability and systems theory
Abstract
This paper theoretically develops disability in relation to the systems theory proposed by Niklas Luhmann. It also suggests that, although it is a revealing approach, disability, when approached as a social construct, tends to lose sight of the richness of its edges, as well as of the particularities of each case or type of disability. Therefore, it would be necessary to resort to a more plausible interpretation in terms of the complexity that disability implies, thus, it is proposed to retake the Systems Theory as a different way of observing in order to achieve better distinctions, probably with greater depth and precision. In this way, by approaching disability as a second-order observation problem, the possibility of understanding individuals from a complex perspective is opened. In other words, it would be feasible to affirm that there is no univocal way of communicating disability since, from this point of view, there would be several descriptions, as well as diverse observations conditioned by the systems.Keywords:
Complexity, Disability, Second order observation, Social constellations, Systems theoryReferences
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Arnold, M. (2006). Lineamientos para un programa sociopoiético de investigación. In: I. Farías y J. Ossandón (eds.), Observando sistemas. Nuevas apropiaciones y usos de la teoría de Niklas Luhmann (pp. 219-240). RIL, Fundación Soles.
Barton, L. (1998). Sociología y discapacidad: algunos temas nuevos. In L. Barton (comp.), Discapacidad y sociedad (pp. 19-33). Morata.
Berger, P. & Luckmann, T. (2005). La construcción social de la realidad. Amorrortú.
Berressem, H. (2017). The sounds of disability. A cultural studies perspective. In: A. Waldschmidt, H. Berressem, & M. Ingwersen (eds.), Culture–Theory–Disability. Encounters be-tween disability studies and cultural studies (pp. 29-36). Transcript.
Dux, G. (2017). Teoría histórico-genética de la cultura: la lógica procesual en el cambio cultural. Aurora.
Edwards, D. (1997). Dismantling the disability/handicap distinction. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 22, 589-606.
Farías, I. & Ossandón, J. (eds.) (2006). Observando sistemas. Nuevas apropiaciones y usos de la teoría de Niklas Luhmann. RIL, Fundación Soles.
Foerster, H. von (1996). Las semillas de la cibernética. Gedisa.
Gergen, K. & Gergen, M. (2008). Social construction. Entering the dialogue. Taos Institute Publications.
Goodley, D. (2016). Disability studies: an interdisciplinary introduction. Sage.
Halsall, F. (2012). Niklas Luhmann and the body: irritating social systems. The new bioethics 18(1), 4-20.
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social. An introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford University Press.
Leach, J. (2012). Deaf identities in disability studies: with us or without us? In: N. Watson, A. Roulstone & C. Thomas (eds.), Routledge handbook of disability studies (pp. 109-121). Routledge.
Low, C. (2006). Some ideologies of disability. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs 6, 108-111.
Luhmann, N. (1998). Complejidad y modernidad. De la unidad a la diferencia. Trotta.
Luhmann, N. (2005). Introducción a la teoría de sistemas. Lecciones publicadas por Javier Torres Nafarrete. Universidad Iberoamericana.
Mascareño, A. & Carvajal, F. (2015). Los distintos rostros de la inclusión y la exclusión. Revista CEPAL 116, 131-146.
Maturana, H. & Varela, F. (1998). De máquinas y seres vivos. Universitaria.
Michailakis, D. & Schirmer, W. (2014). Social work and social problems: A contribution from systems theory and constructionism. International journal of social welfare 23(4): 431-442.
Michailakis, D. (2003). The systems theory concept of disability: one is not born a disabled person; one is observed to be one. Disability & Society 18(2), 209-229.
Oliver, M. (2004). The social model in action: if I had a hammer. In: C. Barnes & G. Mercer, (eds.), Implementing the social model of disability: theory and research (pp. 18-31). The Disability Press.
OMS (2001). Clasificación internacional del funcionamiento, de la discapacidad y de la Salud (CIF). IMSERSO, OMS y OPS.
Raglianti, F. (2006). Comunicación de una observación de segundo orden: ¿cómo puede seleccionar el investigador sus herramientas? Cinta de moebio 27, 303-313.
Retamozo, M. (2012). Constructivismo: epistemología y metodología en las ciencias sociales. In: E. de la Garza Toledo & G. Leyva (coord.), Tratado de metodología de las ciencias sociales: perspectivas actuales. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Reynolds, J. M. (2019). The meaning of ability and disability. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 33(3), 434-447.
Saffa, T. (2015). Semántica de la discapacidad en Chile. Un análisis desde las observaciones del sistema de salud y del sistema educativo. Tesis de Maestría. Universidad de Chile.
Shakespeare, T. & Watson, N. (1997). Defending the social model. Disability & Society, 12(2), 293-300.
Waldschmidt, A. (2017). Disability goes cultural. Culture–Theory–Disability. In: A. Waldschmidt, H. Berressem, & M. Ingwersen (eds.), Encounters between disability studies and cultural studies (pp. 19-28). Transcript.
Arnold, M. (2006). Lineamientos para un programa sociopoiético de investigación. In: I. Farías y J. Ossandón (eds.), Observando sistemas. Nuevas apropiaciones y usos de la teoría de Niklas Luhmann (pp. 219-240). RIL, Fundación Soles.
Barton, L. (1998). Sociología y discapacidad: algunos temas nuevos. In L. Barton (comp.), Discapacidad y sociedad (pp. 19-33). Morata.
Berger, P. & Luckmann, T. (2005). La construcción social de la realidad. Amorrortú.
Berressem, H. (2017). The sounds of disability. A cultural studies perspective. In: A. Waldschmidt, H. Berressem, & M. Ingwersen (eds.), Culture–Theory–Disability. Encounters be-tween disability studies and cultural studies (pp. 29-36). Transcript.
Dux, G. (2017). Teoría histórico-genética de la cultura: la lógica procesual en el cambio cultural. Aurora.
Edwards, D. (1997). Dismantling the disability/handicap distinction. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 22, 589-606.
Farías, I. & Ossandón, J. (eds.) (2006). Observando sistemas. Nuevas apropiaciones y usos de la teoría de Niklas Luhmann. RIL, Fundación Soles.
Foerster, H. von (1996). Las semillas de la cibernética. Gedisa.
Gergen, K. & Gergen, M. (2008). Social construction. Entering the dialogue. Taos Institute Publications.
Goodley, D. (2016). Disability studies: an interdisciplinary introduction. Sage.
Halsall, F. (2012). Niklas Luhmann and the body: irritating social systems. The new bioethics 18(1), 4-20.
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social. An introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford University Press.
Leach, J. (2012). Deaf identities in disability studies: with us or without us? In: N. Watson, A. Roulstone & C. Thomas (eds.), Routledge handbook of disability studies (pp. 109-121). Routledge.
Low, C. (2006). Some ideologies of disability. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs 6, 108-111.
Luhmann, N. (1998). Complejidad y modernidad. De la unidad a la diferencia. Trotta.
Luhmann, N. (2005). Introducción a la teoría de sistemas. Lecciones publicadas por Javier Torres Nafarrete. Universidad Iberoamericana.
Mascareño, A. & Carvajal, F. (2015). Los distintos rostros de la inclusión y la exclusión. Revista CEPAL 116, 131-146.
Maturana, H. & Varela, F. (1998). De máquinas y seres vivos. Universitaria.
Michailakis, D. & Schirmer, W. (2014). Social work and social problems: A contribution from systems theory and constructionism. International journal of social welfare 23(4): 431-442.
Michailakis, D. (2003). The systems theory concept of disability: one is not born a disabled person; one is observed to be one. Disability & Society 18(2), 209-229.
Oliver, M. (2004). The social model in action: if I had a hammer. In: C. Barnes & G. Mercer, (eds.), Implementing the social model of disability: theory and research (pp. 18-31). The Disability Press.
OMS (2001). Clasificación internacional del funcionamiento, de la discapacidad y de la Salud (CIF). IMSERSO, OMS y OPS.
Raglianti, F. (2006). Comunicación de una observación de segundo orden: ¿cómo puede seleccionar el investigador sus herramientas? Cinta de moebio 27, 303-313.
Retamozo, M. (2012). Constructivismo: epistemología y metodología en las ciencias sociales. In: E. de la Garza Toledo & G. Leyva (coord.), Tratado de metodología de las ciencias sociales: perspectivas actuales. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Reynolds, J. M. (2019). The meaning of ability and disability. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 33(3), 434-447.
Saffa, T. (2015). Semántica de la discapacidad en Chile. Un análisis desde las observaciones del sistema de salud y del sistema educativo. Tesis de Maestría. Universidad de Chile.
Shakespeare, T. & Watson, N. (1997). Defending the social model. Disability & Society, 12(2), 293-300.
Waldschmidt, A. (2017). Disability goes cultural. Culture–Theory–Disability. In: A. Waldschmidt, H. Berressem, & M. Ingwersen (eds.), Encounters between disability studies and cultural studies (pp. 19-28). Transcript.
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