This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of the contemporary forms of work, particularly in the Brazilian reality, and some challenges it brings, especially regarding the social protection of workers. Thus, based on the deductive method and based on bibliographic research and quantitative analysis of official data, we identified some aspects of the Brazilian social security model that allow us to conclude that it is obsolete and ineffective in responding to the ongoing and to the future changes in the workforce. As a contribution, we analyze the adoption of a public and universal pillar of social protection funded by taxes as one of the ways to address the problem.