Human rights and systems theory
Abstract
The article argues that human rights concept is problematic for systems theory since it focuses on functional differentiation of structures, while human rights cannot be conceived exclusively either as juridical, political or moral elements. I argue that human rights are multifunctional structures. This argument is developed by reconstructing the theorical reflections about human rights on systems theory. Finally, I’ll argue that human rights work not only as normative expectations that restrain State action by means of individual liberties, but they also legitimate political intervention in non-political areas to guarantee social rights.Keywords:
Human rights, Social systems theory, Social rights, Functional differentiation, InclusionReferences
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Basaure, M. (2017). Hacia una reconstrucción de los conflictos de la memoria. El caso del Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos en Chile. MAD 37, 113-142.
Blau, J., 2012. Preface. In: D. Brunsma, K. Iyall, & B. Gran (eds), The Handbook of Sociology and Human Rights (pp. xiii-xiv). London: Paradigm Publishers.
Blaud, J. & Mondaca, A. (2013). In Defense of Societies. In: M. Madsen & G. Verschraegen (eds.), Making Human Rights Intelligible. Towards a Sociology of Human Rights (pp., 173-190). Ox-ford: Hart Publishing.
Brunkshorst, H. (2005). Solidarity. From Civic Friend-ship to a Global Legal Community. Cambridge Mass.: The MIT Press.
Brunsma, D. L., Iyall, K. E. & Gran, B. K. (2012). Sociology and Human Rights: Resituating the Discipline. In: D. Brunsma, K. Iyall, & B. Gran (eds), The Handbook of Sociology and Hu-man Rights (pp. 1-12). London: Paradigm Pub-lishers.
Buergenthal, T. (1997). The Normative and Institu-tional Evolution of International Human Rights. Human Rights Quarterly 19, 703-723.
Deflem, M. & Chicoine, S. (2011). The Sociological Discourse on Human Rights: Lessons from the Sociology of Law. Development and Society 40(1), 101-115
Dezalay, Y. & Garth, B. (2006). From the Cold War to Kosovo: The Rise and Renewal of the Field of International Human Rights. The An-nual Review of Law and Social Science 2, 231-255
Donnelly, J. (2013). Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice. New York: Cornell University Press.
Douzinas, C. (2008). Torture and System Theory. Soziale Systeme 14 (1), 110-125.
Durkheim, E. (2007). La división del trabajo social. México DF: Colofón.
Duranti, M. (2017). The Conservative Human Rights Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press
Eckel, J. (2014). The Rebirth of Politics from the Spirit of Morality: Explaining the Human Rights Revolution of the, 1970s. In: J. Eckel & S. Moyn (eds), The Breakthrough. Human Rights in the 1970s (pp. 226-260). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Fischer-Lescano, A. (2007). Global Constitutional Struggle: human rights between colère publique and colère politique. In: W. Kaleck, M. Ratner, T. Singelnstein, & P. Weiss (eds), International Prosecution of Human Rights Crimes (pp. 13-37). Berlin: Springer.
Fischer-Lescano, A. & Reanu, E. (2002). Globaliza-ción de los derechos humanos. Pasajes 10, 26-33.
Freeman, M. (1998) Human Rights and Real Cul-tures: Towards a Dialogue on ‘Asian Values’. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 16 (3), 491-514.
Getachew, A. (2019). Worldmaking after Empire. The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Greenberg, K.J. & Dratel, J.L. (2005). The Torture Papers. The Road to Abu Ghraib. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Habermas, J. (2000). La constelación posnacional. Bar-celona: Paidós.
Habermas, J. (2008). El discurso filosófico de la moder-nidad. Madrid: Katz.
Höffe, O. (2002). Categorical Principles of Law. A Counterpoint to Modernity. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Hoffmann, S.L. (2011). Introduction: Genealogies of Human Rights. In: (ed), Human Rights in the Twentieth Century (pp. 1-29). New York: Cam-bridge University Press.
Hoffmann, S.L. (2016). Human Rights and Histo-ry. Past & Present 232(1), 279-310.
Ibawoh, B. (2001). Cultural Relativism and Human Rights: Reconsidering the Africanist Dis-course. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 19(1), 43–62.
Ignatieff, M., Appiah, A. & Hollinger, D. (2003). Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jelin, E (2003). Los derechos humanos y la memo-ria de la violencia política y la represión: la construcción de un campo nuevo en las cien-cias sociales. IDES 2, 1-27.
Kjaer, P. F. (2018). Constitutionalizing Connectivity: The Constitutional Grid of World Society. Journal of Law and Society 45(21), 114-134.
Koskenniemi, M. (2002). ‘The Lady Doth Protest Too Much’. Kosovo, and the Turn to Ethics in International Law. The Modern Law Review 65 (2), 159-175.
Kozlarek, O. (2000). La 'sociedad mundial' y la carencia de reflexiones normativas en las teo-rías sociales de Niklas Luhmann y Norbert Elías. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y So-ciales 177-178, 19-47.
Lauren, P.G. (2011). The Evolution of International Human Rights. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lobos, R. (2019). Aprendizaje normativo sistémico. Una reformulación de la teoría funcional de la moral de Niklas Luhmann. Tesis doctoral. Santiago: Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez.
Luhmann, N. (1993). Teoría política del Estado de Bienestar. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Luhmann, N. (1996). Membership and Motives in Social Systems. Systems Research 13(3), 341-348
Luhmann, N. (1997). Globalization or Word Socie-ty: How to Conceive of Modern Society? Inter-national Review of Sociology 7(1), 67-79.
Luhmann, N. (1998). Sistemas Sociales: Lineamientos para una teoría general. Barcelona: Anthropos.
Luhmann, N. (2002). Introducción a la teoría de siste-mas. México DF: Universidad Iberoamericana.
Luhmann, N. (2005). El derecho de la sociedad. Méxi-co DF: Herder.
Luhmann, N. (2006). La sociedad de la sociedad. Mé-xico DF: Herder.
Luhmann, N. (2010). Los derechos fundamentales como institución: aportación a la sociología política. Méxi-co DF: Universidad Iberoamericana, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores.
Luhmann, N. (2013a). ¿Hay aún en nuestra socie-dad normas irrenunciables? In: La moral de la sociedad (pp. 215-236). Madrid: Trotta.
Luhmann, N. (2013b). Las normas desde una perspectiva sociológica. In: La moral de la socie-dad (pp. 29-56). Madrid: Trotta.
Luard, E. (1982). A History of United Nations. Vol-ume, 1: The Years of Wester Domination, 1945-1955. London: The MacMillan Press.
Madsen, M. R. (2011). Reflexivity and the Construc-tion of the International Object: The Case of Human Rights. International Political Sociology 5, 259-275
Madsen, M. R. (2016). The Challenging Authority of the European Court of Human Rights: from Cold War Legal Diplomacy to the Brighton Declaration and Backlash. Law and Contemporary Problems 79, 141-178.
Mascareño, A. (2011). The function of Ethics from the Perspective of Individual. Soziale Systeme 17(1), 186-210.
Mazower, M. (2010). The Strange Triumph of Hu-man Rights, 1933-1950. The Historical Journal 47(2), 379-398.
Mazower, M. (2010). The End of Civilization and the Rise of Human Rights. The Mid-Twentieth-Century Disjuncture. In: S. Hoff-mann, Human Rights in the Twentieth Century (pp. 29-44), New York: Cambridge University Press.
Moeller, H.G., 2008. “Human Rights Fundamental-ism”. The Late Luhmann in Human Rights, Soziale Systeme 14(1), 126-141.
Moeller, H.G., 2012. The Radical Luhmann. New York: Columbia University Press
Moyn, S. (2010). The Last Utopia. Human Rights in History. Cambridge Mass: The Belknapp Press of Harvard University Press
Moyn, S. (2019). Not Enough. Human Rights in an Unequal World. Cambridge Mass.: The Belk-napp Press of Harvard University Press.
Nathans, B. (2014). The Disenchantment of Social-ism: Soviet Dissidents, Human Rights and the New Global Morality. In: J. Eckel & S. Moyn (eds), The Breakthrough (pp. 33-49). Philadelph-ia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Neves, M. (2004). La fuerza simbólica de los dere-chos humanos. DOXA Cuadernos de Filosofía del Derecho 27, 143-180.
Perry, M. J. (1997). Are Human Rights Universal? The Relativist Challenge and Related Matters. Human Rights Quarterly 19(3), 461–509.
Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, A., & Webb, T. E. (2015). Vulnerable bodies, vulnerable systems. International Journal of Law in Context 11(4), 444-461.
Pignouli, S. (2017). La inclusión de lo humano en dos sociologías críticas del humanismo: un en-sayo sistemático acerca de la mediación técnica en Latour y de la interpenetración en Luh-mann. Miríada 9(13), 149-170.
Reichman, A. & Kahana, T. (2001). Israel and the Recognition of Torture: Domestic and Inter-national Aspects. In: C. Scott (ed), Torture as Tort (pp. 631-658). Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Somers, M. & Roberts, C. (2008). Towards a New Sociology of Rights: A Genealogy of “Buried Bodies” of Citizenship and Human Rights”. The Annual Review of Law and Social Science 4, 385-425.
Teubner, G. (2008). Justice Under Global Capital-ism? Law Critique 19, 329-334.
Teubner, G. (2011). Transnational Fundamental Rights: Horizontal Effects? Rechtsfilosofie & Rechtstheorie 40(3), 191-215.
Thornhill, C. (2008). On norms as Social Facts: A view from Historical Political Science. Soziale Systeme 14(1), 47-67
Thornhill, C. (2013). State Building, Constitutional Rights and the Social Construction of Norms: Outline for a Sociology of Constitutions. In M. Madsen & G. Verschraegen (eds.), Making Human Rights Intelligible. Towards a Sociology of Human Rights (pp. 25-60). Oxford: Hart Pub-lishing.
Turner, B. S. (1993). Outline of a Theory of Hu-man Rights. Sociology 27(3), 489-512.
Turner, B. S. (2006). Vulnerability and Human Rights. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State Univer-sity Press.
Verschraegen, G. (2002). Human Rights and Mod-ern Society: A Sociological Analysis from the Perspective of Systems Theory. Journal of Law and Society, 29(2), 258-281.
Verschraegen, G. (2011). Hybrid Constitutionalism, Fundamental Rights and the State. A Respon-se to Gunther Teubner. Rechtsfilosofie & Re-chtstheorie 40(3), 216-229.
Verschraegen, G. (2013). Differentiation and Inclu-sion: A Neglected Sociological Approach to Fundamental Rights. In: M. Madsen & G. Verschraegen (eds.), Making Human Rights Intel-ligible. Towards a Sociology of Human Rights (pp. 61-80). Oxford: Hart Publishing.
United Nations (UN). (1966a). Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, Asamblea General, reso-lución, 2220A (XXI), 16 diciembre, 1966. Con-sultado el 6 diciembre, 2019, desde https://www.ohchr.org/SP/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx.
United Nations (UN). (1966b). Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales. Res. Asamblea General, 2220A (XXI), 16 diciembre, 1966. Consultado el, 20 noviembre, 2019, desde https://www.ohchr.org/SP/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CESCR.aspx.
United Nations. (UN). (1984). Convención contra la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes, Asamblea General, resolución 39/46. Consultado el, 25 de octubre, desde https://www.ohchr.org/sp/professionalinterest/pages/cat.aspx.
United Nations (UN). (1986). Declaración sobre el derecho al desarrollo. Res. Asamblea General 41/28. Consultado el 5 de Enero, 2020, desde https://www.ohchr.org/SP/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/RightToDevelopment.aspx
Waldron, J. (1987). Nonsense upon Stilts. Bentham, Burke and Marx on the Rights of Man. New York: Methuen.
Washburn, W. E. (1987). Cultural Relativism, Hu-man Rights and the AAA. American Anthropol-ogist 89(4), 939-943.
Wilson, R. (1997). Human Rights, Culture and Context: Anthropological Perspectives. Anthropology, Culture and Society. London: Pluto Press.
Basaure, M. (2017). Hacia una reconstrucción de los conflictos de la memoria. El caso del Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos en Chile. MAD 37, 113-142.
Blau, J., 2012. Preface. In: D. Brunsma, K. Iyall, & B. Gran (eds), The Handbook of Sociology and Human Rights (pp. xiii-xiv). London: Paradigm Publishers.
Blaud, J. & Mondaca, A. (2013). In Defense of Societies. In: M. Madsen & G. Verschraegen (eds.), Making Human Rights Intelligible. Towards a Sociology of Human Rights (pp., 173-190). Ox-ford: Hart Publishing.
Brunkshorst, H. (2005). Solidarity. From Civic Friend-ship to a Global Legal Community. Cambridge Mass.: The MIT Press.
Brunsma, D. L., Iyall, K. E. & Gran, B. K. (2012). Sociology and Human Rights: Resituating the Discipline. In: D. Brunsma, K. Iyall, & B. Gran (eds), The Handbook of Sociology and Hu-man Rights (pp. 1-12). London: Paradigm Pub-lishers.
Buergenthal, T. (1997). The Normative and Institu-tional Evolution of International Human Rights. Human Rights Quarterly 19, 703-723.
Deflem, M. & Chicoine, S. (2011). The Sociological Discourse on Human Rights: Lessons from the Sociology of Law. Development and Society 40(1), 101-115
Dezalay, Y. & Garth, B. (2006). From the Cold War to Kosovo: The Rise and Renewal of the Field of International Human Rights. The An-nual Review of Law and Social Science 2, 231-255
Donnelly, J. (2013). Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice. New York: Cornell University Press.
Douzinas, C. (2008). Torture and System Theory. Soziale Systeme 14 (1), 110-125.
Durkheim, E. (2007). La división del trabajo social. México DF: Colofón.
Duranti, M. (2017). The Conservative Human Rights Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press
Eckel, J. (2014). The Rebirth of Politics from the Spirit of Morality: Explaining the Human Rights Revolution of the, 1970s. In: J. Eckel & S. Moyn (eds), The Breakthrough. Human Rights in the 1970s (pp. 226-260). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Fischer-Lescano, A. (2007). Global Constitutional Struggle: human rights between colère publique and colère politique. In: W. Kaleck, M. Ratner, T. Singelnstein, & P. Weiss (eds), International Prosecution of Human Rights Crimes (pp. 13-37). Berlin: Springer.
Fischer-Lescano, A. & Reanu, E. (2002). Globaliza-ción de los derechos humanos. Pasajes 10, 26-33.
Freeman, M. (1998) Human Rights and Real Cul-tures: Towards a Dialogue on ‘Asian Values’. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 16 (3), 491-514.
Getachew, A. (2019). Worldmaking after Empire. The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Greenberg, K.J. & Dratel, J.L. (2005). The Torture Papers. The Road to Abu Ghraib. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Habermas, J. (2000). La constelación posnacional. Bar-celona: Paidós.
Habermas, J. (2008). El discurso filosófico de la moder-nidad. Madrid: Katz.
Höffe, O. (2002). Categorical Principles of Law. A Counterpoint to Modernity. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Hoffmann, S.L. (2011). Introduction: Genealogies of Human Rights. In: (ed), Human Rights in the Twentieth Century (pp. 1-29). New York: Cam-bridge University Press.
Hoffmann, S.L. (2016). Human Rights and Histo-ry. Past & Present 232(1), 279-310.
Ibawoh, B. (2001). Cultural Relativism and Human Rights: Reconsidering the Africanist Dis-course. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 19(1), 43–62.
Ignatieff, M., Appiah, A. & Hollinger, D. (2003). Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jelin, E (2003). Los derechos humanos y la memo-ria de la violencia política y la represión: la construcción de un campo nuevo en las cien-cias sociales. IDES 2, 1-27.
Kjaer, P. F. (2018). Constitutionalizing Connectivity: The Constitutional Grid of World Society. Journal of Law and Society 45(21), 114-134.
Koskenniemi, M. (2002). ‘The Lady Doth Protest Too Much’. Kosovo, and the Turn to Ethics in International Law. The Modern Law Review 65 (2), 159-175.
Kozlarek, O. (2000). La 'sociedad mundial' y la carencia de reflexiones normativas en las teo-rías sociales de Niklas Luhmann y Norbert Elías. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y So-ciales 177-178, 19-47.
Lauren, P.G. (2011). The Evolution of International Human Rights. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lobos, R. (2019). Aprendizaje normativo sistémico. Una reformulación de la teoría funcional de la moral de Niklas Luhmann. Tesis doctoral. Santiago: Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez.
Luhmann, N. (1993). Teoría política del Estado de Bienestar. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Luhmann, N. (1996). Membership and Motives in Social Systems. Systems Research 13(3), 341-348
Luhmann, N. (1997). Globalization or Word Socie-ty: How to Conceive of Modern Society? Inter-national Review of Sociology 7(1), 67-79.
Luhmann, N. (1998). Sistemas Sociales: Lineamientos para una teoría general. Barcelona: Anthropos.
Luhmann, N. (2002). Introducción a la teoría de siste-mas. México DF: Universidad Iberoamericana.
Luhmann, N. (2005). El derecho de la sociedad. Méxi-co DF: Herder.
Luhmann, N. (2006). La sociedad de la sociedad. Mé-xico DF: Herder.
Luhmann, N. (2010). Los derechos fundamentales como institución: aportación a la sociología política. Méxi-co DF: Universidad Iberoamericana, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores.
Luhmann, N. (2013a). ¿Hay aún en nuestra socie-dad normas irrenunciables? In: La moral de la sociedad (pp. 215-236). Madrid: Trotta.
Luhmann, N. (2013b). Las normas desde una perspectiva sociológica. In: La moral de la socie-dad (pp. 29-56). Madrid: Trotta.
Luard, E. (1982). A History of United Nations. Vol-ume, 1: The Years of Wester Domination, 1945-1955. London: The MacMillan Press.
Madsen, M. R. (2011). Reflexivity and the Construc-tion of the International Object: The Case of Human Rights. International Political Sociology 5, 259-275
Madsen, M. R. (2016). The Challenging Authority of the European Court of Human Rights: from Cold War Legal Diplomacy to the Brighton Declaration and Backlash. Law and Contemporary Problems 79, 141-178.
Mascareño, A. (2011). The function of Ethics from the Perspective of Individual. Soziale Systeme 17(1), 186-210.
Mazower, M. (2010). The Strange Triumph of Hu-man Rights, 1933-1950. The Historical Journal 47(2), 379-398.
Mazower, M. (2010). The End of Civilization and the Rise of Human Rights. The Mid-Twentieth-Century Disjuncture. In: S. Hoff-mann, Human Rights in the Twentieth Century (pp. 29-44), New York: Cambridge University Press.
Moeller, H.G., 2008. “Human Rights Fundamental-ism”. The Late Luhmann in Human Rights, Soziale Systeme 14(1), 126-141.
Moeller, H.G., 2012. The Radical Luhmann. New York: Columbia University Press
Moyn, S. (2010). The Last Utopia. Human Rights in History. Cambridge Mass: The Belknapp Press of Harvard University Press
Moyn, S. (2019). Not Enough. Human Rights in an Unequal World. Cambridge Mass.: The Belk-napp Press of Harvard University Press.
Nathans, B. (2014). The Disenchantment of Social-ism: Soviet Dissidents, Human Rights and the New Global Morality. In: J. Eckel & S. Moyn (eds), The Breakthrough (pp. 33-49). Philadelph-ia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Neves, M. (2004). La fuerza simbólica de los dere-chos humanos. DOXA Cuadernos de Filosofía del Derecho 27, 143-180.
Perry, M. J. (1997). Are Human Rights Universal? The Relativist Challenge and Related Matters. Human Rights Quarterly 19(3), 461–509.
Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, A., & Webb, T. E. (2015). Vulnerable bodies, vulnerable systems. International Journal of Law in Context 11(4), 444-461.
Pignouli, S. (2017). La inclusión de lo humano en dos sociologías críticas del humanismo: un en-sayo sistemático acerca de la mediación técnica en Latour y de la interpenetración en Luh-mann. Miríada 9(13), 149-170.
Reichman, A. & Kahana, T. (2001). Israel and the Recognition of Torture: Domestic and Inter-national Aspects. In: C. Scott (ed), Torture as Tort (pp. 631-658). Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Somers, M. & Roberts, C. (2008). Towards a New Sociology of Rights: A Genealogy of “Buried Bodies” of Citizenship and Human Rights”. The Annual Review of Law and Social Science 4, 385-425.
Teubner, G. (2008). Justice Under Global Capital-ism? Law Critique 19, 329-334.
Teubner, G. (2011). Transnational Fundamental Rights: Horizontal Effects? Rechtsfilosofie & Rechtstheorie 40(3), 191-215.
Thornhill, C. (2008). On norms as Social Facts: A view from Historical Political Science. Soziale Systeme 14(1), 47-67
Thornhill, C. (2013). State Building, Constitutional Rights and the Social Construction of Norms: Outline for a Sociology of Constitutions. In M. Madsen & G. Verschraegen (eds.), Making Human Rights Intelligible. Towards a Sociology of Human Rights (pp. 25-60). Oxford: Hart Pub-lishing.
Turner, B. S. (1993). Outline of a Theory of Hu-man Rights. Sociology 27(3), 489-512.
Turner, B. S. (2006). Vulnerability and Human Rights. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State Univer-sity Press.
Verschraegen, G. (2002). Human Rights and Mod-ern Society: A Sociological Analysis from the Perspective of Systems Theory. Journal of Law and Society, 29(2), 258-281.
Verschraegen, G. (2011). Hybrid Constitutionalism, Fundamental Rights and the State. A Respon-se to Gunther Teubner. Rechtsfilosofie & Re-chtstheorie 40(3), 216-229.
Verschraegen, G. (2013). Differentiation and Inclu-sion: A Neglected Sociological Approach to Fundamental Rights. In: M. Madsen & G. Verschraegen (eds.), Making Human Rights Intel-ligible. Towards a Sociology of Human Rights (pp. 61-80). Oxford: Hart Publishing.
United Nations (UN). (1966a). Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, Asamblea General, reso-lución, 2220A (XXI), 16 diciembre, 1966. Con-sultado el 6 diciembre, 2019, desde https://www.ohchr.org/SP/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx.
United Nations (UN). (1966b). Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales. Res. Asamblea General, 2220A (XXI), 16 diciembre, 1966. Consultado el, 20 noviembre, 2019, desde https://www.ohchr.org/SP/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CESCR.aspx.
United Nations. (UN). (1984). Convención contra la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes, Asamblea General, resolución 39/46. Consultado el, 25 de octubre, desde https://www.ohchr.org/sp/professionalinterest/pages/cat.aspx.
United Nations (UN). (1986). Declaración sobre el derecho al desarrollo. Res. Asamblea General 41/28. Consultado el 5 de Enero, 2020, desde https://www.ohchr.org/SP/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/RightToDevelopment.aspx
Waldron, J. (1987). Nonsense upon Stilts. Bentham, Burke and Marx on the Rights of Man. New York: Methuen.
Washburn, W. E. (1987). Cultural Relativism, Hu-man Rights and the AAA. American Anthropol-ogist 89(4), 939-943.
Wilson, R. (1997). Human Rights, Culture and Context: Anthropological Perspectives. Anthropology, Culture and Society. London: Pluto Press.
